Castalia,SASS#18915

Dang. Every time I look at this post the size never gets any larger. BTT

I posted the original attachment that you can print from. I got this from a pard many years ago here on the wire. With the attachment you can edit calibers and other options. caschecklist.doc

"Replica". Opens with the thumb. Loads from the breech. Cocks with the thumb or forefinger. Fires with a finger. Opens with thumb. Extracts shell on opening. Apparently no advantage at all. Sounds like "any" old single shot of the era. JMHO Castalia

Doesn't he like horse cooked with onions?

Dixie Gun Works 1887 Knife #KE0242.

To go back to the comment about "If it hits 4 feet back and 12 feet wide it obviously hit something". I say "crap" its a "dang miss". But that's just me. When I get ready to spot I take out my hearing aids. Put a patch over my left eye because on floaters. Then try really hard to focus my trifocals on each and every target. Sometimes the other spotters agree with my version of events.

Me Too! Guess were going to have to wait until the 25 year pins are sent out.

SASS Alias: Castalia SASS #: 18915 Where you are from: Tucson, Arizona Territory How long you’ve been Cowboy Action Shooting: 20 glorious years

The Henry Repeating Rifle Article by Andrew L. Bresnan http://www.rarewinchesters.com/articles.shtml

I found this on the web. Long read. Lots of information. The Henry Repeating Rifle Article by Andrew L. Bresnan The Henry rifle story is a very interesting story. It was the first successful repeating rifle that evolved into some of the best lever action rifles in the world, the Winchesters. The first of the Winchesters was the Model 1866. This rifle was nothing more than an improved Henry using the same ammunition. The Model 1866 included a redesigned magazine that was not opened to dirt. It loaded by means of a loading gate in the right side of the receiver. The Model 1866 also had a wooden forearm stock to protect against burns during prolong shooting. This is getting a little ahead of our story. The use of the Henry begins in the Civil War. The Henry played an important role during the Civil War, mainly in the western theater. It was used from the very beginning to the bitter end of the Civil War. The soldiers developed confidence when using their Henrys that did not exist with a muzzle loader. The Henry rifle was the first of the truly rapid fire small arms that was practical. However the United States government did not adopt a repeating rifle until the Model 1892 Krag. The Henry rifle made a name for itself on the American frontier of the 1860's to1880's. It was not replaced until those using Henrys could replace them with a more modern weapon. The Henry was used by ranchers and soldiers as well as Indians. Custer found this out too late. In fact there is one hill located at the Little Bighorn that is known as Henry Hill because of the large number of Henry casings that were discovered there. The Henry underwent very few changes during its production. The butt plate was changed slightly and some guns do not have a lever latch. There was an iron frame Henry but most Henrys were brass frame. The sights were mounted on the frame or the barrel. The barrel length was standard at 24 inches but some examples may be found with shorter barrels. The ammunition remained the same throughout production. It was a 216 grain bullet and 26 to 28 grains of black powder. Today original Henrys are collectors’ items commanding high prices. These start at around $6,000 and go up from there. There has not been ammunition produced for years and what can be found is also highly collectable and too expensive to shoot. Those of us that want to shoot a Henry will have to settle for the outstanding reproduction Henrys. These are manufactured by Aldo Uberti of Italy and imported into the United States by Navy Arms and others. Although these are reproductions, they look and handle like the originals. They are chambered for the .44-40 round but the .44 Henry ballistics may be duplicated by reloading. Two groups of enthusiasts today that use the New Henry are Civil War re-enactors and those interested in the Cowboy style shoots. The largest Civil War group using the Henry is The National Henry Rifle Company. This group consists of about 75 re-enactors scattered throughout the United States. It is quite impressive to see 15 or more Henrys in action. It really brings to life what rapid fire must have been like during the Civil War. The following is a compilation designed to both educate and interest the reader on a weapon that very little has been written. I would like to thank all who have helped me in this venture. Several have helped supply several bits and pieces of information I have used. Chapter 1: The Henry is Born The Volcanic Repeating Arms Company began producing rifles and pistols in early 1856. These weapons used the "Rocket-ball" cartridge that consisted of a bullet with a hollow cavity in the base which contained the powder charge. A priming cap held the powder in place and provided ignition. This ammunition was a grossly underpowered round and was made in either .31 caliber or .41 caliber. Muzzle energy was not impressive, at only 56 foot pounds of energy.(32) The frame of the Volcanic rifles were made of brass. Brass was easier to work with as well as not rusting as iron would. Pistols in .31 caliber were made in either 4 or 6 inch barrels holding 6 or 10 shots respectively. The .41 caliber pistol came with either a 6 or 8 inch barrel holding 8 or 10 shots. A Carbine was produced in 3 barrel lengths, 16 inches holding 20 shots, 20 inches holding 25 shots and 24 inches holding 30 shots. All of these were manufactured in .41 caliber. The ammunition was held in a tubular magazine beneath the barrel that was loaded from the top by pivoting the top few inches of the barrel housing.(32) The Volcanic arms had several problems such as gas leakage from around the breech, multiple charges going off at the same time, and misfires. Misfired rounds would have to be tapped out with a cleaning rod as the gun had no means of extraction. The fact the "Rocket-ball" ammunition was too underpowered to be considered a hunting weapon or a man stopper, was another disadvantage. Two advantages the Volcanic carbines had was a rapid rate of fire and it's ammunition was waterproof.(32) Oliver Winchester, the company's second president, was forced to use much of his private funds to keep the company afloat. However this did not last long. On February 18, 1857 The Volcanic Repeating Arms Company was declared insolvent. It's biggest creditor was Oliver Winchester. He was given the major assets of the company. Winchester then employed Benjamin Tyler Henry. On October 16, 1860, Henry was granted a patent for a new rifle and ammunition, patent number 30,446.(32) The 1860 patent had been assigned to Oliver F. Winchester but the guns were actually made by B. Tyler Henry at the company plant at 9 Artizan Street, New Haven, Connecticut on an inside contract basis. In the process, the basic patent of 1854, held by Oliver Winchester, was also utilized.(37) The new ammunition consisted of a copper casing .875 inches long containing the priming compound in the rim. It used a 200 to 216 grain bullet and 26 to 28 grains of black powder. This gave a muzzle velocity of around 1125 feet per second. Not great but a far cry better than the old "Rocket-ball" round. The Henry round gave about 568 foot pounds of muzzle energy. The copper cases were head-stamped with the letter H for Henry.(8) The gun itself held 15 rounds in a magazine beneath it's 24 inch barrel. The rifle loaded by turning the top five inches of the barrel housing. This gun when fully loaded weighed in at over 10 pounds. The Henry was advertised as some sort of super weapon with capabilities of hitting targets at 1,000 yards. What this rifle could do is to fire rapidly. Forty-five shots per minute could be attained. In other tests 120 rounds could be fired in 5 minutes and 45 seconds.(14) We now had a truly successful breech-loading repeating rifle. The improved design and better ammunition made the Henry a weapon to be considered for both hunting and as a man-stopper. All that remained was for the orders for these guns to come pouring in. The Civil War produced many orders to the New Haven Arms Company. Chapter 2: The Henry Rifle In the Civil War The Henry repeating rifle has had a very colorful past. It was the first of the repeating rifles that was truly successful. Part of this colorful past was born out of fire in the United States Civil War. The use of the Henry starts almost as soon as the opening shots of the Civil War. In 1860 there were 270 Henrys produced. Many of these found their way to the battlefields of the Civil War.(27) The Henry did not become commercially available on a large scale until early 1862. Colonel Henry J. Hunt ordered Captain DeRussy to test the Henry. This test was conducted on November 19, 1861. It was reported to Colonel Hunt that the Henry would be a most useful addition to the weapons already in service.(14) One of these early Henrys was used by J. Marshall of Company G, 66th Illinois Infantry. He used an iron frame Henry serial number 147. This gun was manufactured in 1860.(15) Another early Henry was used by J. Spangenberg of Company B, 3rd Regiment U.S.V. He used Henry number 1216. Louis Quinius of Company B, 66th Wisconsin Infantry used Henry number 8291. Matthew Brady is even credited with using Henry 8816. This is an engraved Henry and still supports it's original sling. One of the earliest Henrys, serial number 6, was presented to President Abraham Lincoln. It is highly engraved, including his name on the right side plate and it is also gold plated. This Henry may be seen in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.(13) The first Henrys appeared on the open market in Louisville, Kentucky by July of 1862. By the end of the year one dealer sold 500 Henrys. Other dealers selling Henrys in that year were located in St. Louis, Mo., Evansville, Ind., Peoria, Il., and Paducah, Ky. In 3 months over 900 Henrys were sold. According to the Louisville Journal of July 12, 1862, Henry rifles were offered for sale and in stock at James Low & Co's on Sixth Street, Louisville, Ky. Other Louisville dealers included Joseph Griffith & Son 5th Street, Dickson & Gilmore 3rd Street and A.B. Semple & Sons. Two Indiana dealers were Charles H. Bradford of New Albany and Wells, Kellogg & Co. of Evansville.(9) There were 3 known Henry rifle dealers in the East who represented the New Haven Arms Company. They were J.C. Grubb of Philadelphia, Hartley & Graham of New York, and William Reed & Son of Boston. On the west coast R. Liddle of San Francisco was offering Henrys.(13) In the Louisville Journal of July 14, 1862, it states that W.G. Stanton advertised the good qualities of the Henry. Henrys were offered for sale to both Unionist and Confederates.(14) The retail cost of the Henry was set at $42.00 without the sling. Discounts were given to dealers purchasing a case of 10 Henrys, the discount being 20%. Rifle clubs purchasing a case of 10 received a 10% discount. Slings cost $2.00 extra, leather rifle cases were $5.00 and ammunition was $10.00 per 1,000, later increased to $17.50. Silver plating and engraving of rifles were an additional $10.00 and gold plating was $13.00 extra.(37) The U.S. Navy also tested the Henry. Lt. W. Mitchell tested one on May 20, 1862. He fired 15 shots in 10 seconds. The rifle was fired 1040 times without cleaning. There were no major problems with fouling or functioning of the gun. He considered it the perfect weapon.(14) "For time and rapidity, 187 shots were fired in 3 minutes 36 seconds. These were fired in rounds of 15 shots each, the actual time of firing only counted. One round (15 shots) was fired in 10.8 seconds; 120 shots were loaded and fired in 5 minutes 45 seconds. This includes the whole time from the first shot to the last ... 15 shots were fired for accuracy at a target 18 inches square, at 348 feet distance, 14 hit direct."(37) "The firing was then continued to test endurance, &c., up to 1040 shots, the gun not having been cleaned or repaired from the first shot. The piece was then carefully examined, and found considerably leaded and very fouled, the lands and grooves not being visible. In other respects it was found in perfect order."(37) Henrys were in use along the Mississippi River by 1862. John S. Tennyson, Pilot of the Gunboat Pittsburgh, states he had been using a Henry for a year. His letter to the New Haven Arms Company was dated October 17, 1863. That puts his purchase date in October of 1862. He also states that several others are armed with the Henry and wish to purchase ammunition.(14) Also along the Mississippi River was a Henry used by Lt. Frank Church, U.S. Marines. He put his Henry to use against Rebel snipers along the riverbanks. He was assigned to command the Marines aboard the USS Black Hawk in 1864. He took part in the Red River campaign in March and his Henry was kept in constant use. Lt. Church was latter assigned to the USS Cricket where he was in charge of the Marines performing the same duty. Lt. Church's Henry preformed admirably.(10) By November of 1862, several Kentucky regiments, U.S. and C.S., were using Henrys. By early 1863, other units including the Second Wisconsin Vol. Mounted Infantry, 23rd and 51st Illinois Infantry had armed themselves with Henrys. The 58th Indiana Infantry used their Henrys in the fall of 1863 at Chickamauga. One of these was owned by Sgt. Gilbert Armstrong of Company B.(9) Henrys were ordered as far away as California. In May of 1863 one California dealer ordered 10 cases of Henrys. The demand for Henrys was high throughout the West. One dealer that helped to meet the demand was John W. Brown of Columbus, Ohio. He was located near the depot in the Rail Building.(7) Brown also offered Henrys as "Slung" or "Plain." Slings were offered very early and were attached to the left side. Correspondence of October 1862 with John W. Brown shows that he returned to the factory for repair guns bearing the serial numbers 324, 359, 391, and 706. It is suggested they were to have sling swivels installed.(37) By January 28, 1863, Brig. General Alfred W. Ellet had witnessed one of the Henrys in action. He wished to obtain as many as 1,000.(14) In a letter from Captain James Wilson of Company M, 12th Kentucky Cavalry written at Mumfordville, Ky., February 17, 1863, he describes his use of the Henry. He was attacked by 7 Rebels. With his Henry he killed all 7 with 8 shots. That would not have been possible with a muzzle loader. Captain Wilson also had a small skirmish with General John Hunt Morgan's cavalry in July, 1863. Wilson and his 67 men were attacked by 375 of Morgan's men. The fight lasted about 2 hours and a half. Wilson's men with their Henrys were able to drive Morgan's men over a mile, killing 31 and wounding 40. Wilson lost 6 killed and wounded. He states the Henry is the best gun in service. By October of 1863 the state of Kentucky would arm his entire command of 104 with Henrys.(37) Governor Yates of Illinois armed some of the men from the 64th Illinois Infantry, also known as Yates' Sharpshooters, with Henry rifles. One rifle, serial number 3183, was shipped from the factory in 1863 by the Adams Express Company to Illinois. This Henry was used by a member of Company G. Many of the men of the regiment purchased their own at a cost of $41.00. Many of these Henrys were put to good use during the campaign for Georgia. It is also interesting to note that the 64th and the 7th Illinois Infantry units took part in the Grand review of May 19, 1865. The men attracted special attention with their unique brass frame 16 shooters and received frequent cheers. Another Henry of the 64th's was serial number 4944. It is engraved, Nicholas Ham Co F 64th Ill.(15) Henrys were also offered for sale in Virginia. Some time before September, 1863, Messrs Adams of Wheeling, Virginia sold a Henry to John Brown who was a Lieutenant of Company C 23rd Regiment of Illinois Volunteers. He in turn wrote to the New Haven Arms Company requesting 15 to 20 more Henrys to be purchased by his men.(14) R.K. Williams writes on March 3, 1863 of witnessing the use of Henrys in Kentucky. He feels that the Henry is the most effective weapon in use. He states that Colonel Netter of the Kentucky Volunteers at Owensboro, Ky. was attacked by 240 Rebels. He had 15 men armed with Henrys and not only were able to defend themselves but drove the Rebels from the field.(14) John H. Ekstrand, Regimental Ordnance Sergeant of the 51st Illinois Volunteer Infantry used his Henry as well as others in his unit at the Battle of Chickamauga. Sergeant Ekstrand had purchased his Henry from Bowen in Chicago sometime before September, 1863. He would also purchase another 10 Henrys at a latter date for other members of the 51st Illinois.(14) The 10th Michigan Cavalry was armed in part with Henry repeating rifles. A part of Company B was detailed to guard McMillian's Ford on August 24, 1864. Colonel Trowbridge gives this account of the action. "Eight men were sent to guard McMillian's Ford, on the Holston; one of them went off on his own hook, so that seven were left. One of them was a large, powerful fellow, the farrier of company B, by the name of Alexander H. Griggs, supposed to belong to Greenfield, Wayne county. These seven men actually kept back a rebel brigade from crossing that ford for three and a half hours by desperate fighting, killing forty or fifty. The rebels, by swimming the river above and below the ford, succeeded in capturing the whole party. During the fight this big farrier was badly wounded in the shoulder. "General Wheeler was much astonished at the valor of these men, and at once paroled a man to stay and take care of this wounded man. Approaching the wounded farrier, the following dialogue is said to have taken place: "General Wheeler. Well, my man, how many men had you at the ford? "Griggs. Seven sir. "Wheeler. My poor fellow, don't you know that you are badly wounded? You might as well tell me the truth; you may not live long. "Griggs. I am telling the truth sir. We had only seven men. "Wheeler (laughing) Well, what did you expect to do? "Griggs. To keep you from crossing, sir. "Wheeler. Well, why didn't you do it? "Griggs. Why, you see, we did until you hit me, and that weakened our forces so much that you were too much for us. "Wheeler was greatly amused and inquired of another prisoner (who happened to be a farrier too), 'Are all the 10th Michigan like you fellows?' 'Oh no!' said the man, 'we are the poorest of the lot. We are mostly horse farriers and blacksmiths, and not much accustomed to fighting.' 'Well,' said Wheeler, 'if I had 300 such men as you I could march straight through h--l."(59) The largest privately funded Henry regiment was the 7th Illinois Volunteer Infantry. They were armed with over 500 Henrys which they purchased at $52.50 each.(36) The second largest privately funded Henry regiment was probably the 66th Illinois Volunteer Infantry. They purchased over 220 Henrys.(38) The Henry was an expensive weapon that most soldiers could not have afforded at $52.50. That is almost 4 months pay for the Civil War solider. It does not seem likely that he would be able to save that much money for the price of a Henry rifle, no matter how good a weapon it was. Most of the units that bought their own Henrys purchased them in late 1863 or early 1864. The answer to where they got the money to purchase their Henrys lies in a law passed by the government, the Veteran Volunteer Act. This act gave to the solider, upon re-enlisting, a 30 day furlough and more importantly a $400.00 bounty. This was about 3 years salary to most. Indeed it was a lot of money. Upon returning to active duty they would be able to spend $52.50 for a weapon that would help save their lives. Henrys were in short supply but the 7th and the 66th Illinois Veteran Volunteers were fortunate in purchasing enough to arm their regiments.(61) It is interesting to note most of the Henrys used in the Civil War were privately purchased. The prices ranged from as low as $36.00 to $80.00 for the top end. One rifle, serial number 4178, is inscribed: G Burkhardt, Co H 7th Ill Vol Inf.(6) This rifle was produced in early 1864. The 7th Illinois Infantry took part in several battles with their Henrys of which most of the men had purchased theirs by September, 1864.(11) The 7th Illinois Infantry took part in the defenses at Allatoona Pass, Georgia. There they had 191 Henrys. The 7th Illinois fired over 31,000 rounds of ammunition from their Henrys.(36) Major William Ludlow gives us his account of the Battle of Allatoona Pass: "What saved us that day was the fact that we had a number of Henry rifles. These were new guns in those days and the commander had held in reserve a company of an Illinois regiment that was armed with them until the final assault should be made. When the artillery reopened this company of 16 shooters sprang to the parapet and poured out such a multiplied, rapid, and deadly fire that no man could stay in front of it, and no serious effort was thereafter made to take the fort by assault." The 7th Illinois' flag was also a target of many a Reb. It sustained 217 bullet holes and the staff was hit 11 times.(13) Probably the best Civil War picture of Henrys is that of the 7th Illinois Infantry's Color Bearers and Guard. It was taken sometime in late 1864 or early 1865. It shows 11 members of the 7th Illinois of which 6 are armed with their Henrys, 1 is a drummer, the Sergeant-Major has an 1833 Dragoon saber, 2 are flag bearers and 1 officer in charge.(13, 16) The 7th Illinois Infantry got their Henrys as a result of Captain John Alexander Smith's efforts tracking down enough Henrys for sale. "He applied for an order to go to Hartford, Connecticut to get the rifles. It was refused. He then secured a leave of absence and paid his own expenses. Arriving in Hartford, he found no rifles, but information that 500 of them had been shipped to Chicago. Smith telegraphed to hold the rifles, and took the first train for Chicago. He found the rifles, but had to pay $52.50 for them instead of $47.50 each. He paid this difference out of his own pocket, and has never been reimbursed to this day. He ordered the rifles shipped by express, and started South. At Cincinnati he found the Captain of a company that was raised in his native town in Ohio. Going with him to see the boys of the company, he was stopped by a large van unloading some big boxes into a warehouse. Looking at the boxes he was astonished to see them directed to Captain J.A. Smith, 7th Illinois Infantry. 'What are you doing with those boxes?' he inquired. 'Storing them; no express matter sent South unless prepaid. 'Captain Smith borrowed enough money from his friend, with what he had, to prepay the freight, and the guns were forwarded. As soon as the balance of the regiment saw the sixteen-shooters, they all wanted them. The whole 500 were purchased. They arrived at the regiment a few days before the Allatoona fight. Now, the concurrent testimonies of the Union and Confederate forces agree that the 16-shooter rifles were all that saved the day in that terrible October battle."(36) Another unit to have several Henrys was the 23rd Illinois Infantry. Lt. Colonel S.A. Simison, the commanding officer, in a letter dated February 25, 1865, to the President of the New Haven Arms Company wanted to know at what price he could arm his entire battalion with Henrys. He also stated that he purchased 50 Henrys in the winter of 1863. In using these 50 Henrys, Colonel Simison was able to judge the effectiveness of the Henrys and making the decision to seek to arm his command.(14) The government did purchase 1731 Henrys. These were issued solely to the 1st D.C. Cavalry. The first government purchase was from Merwin & Bray of New York for $42.00 for one Henry. The first substantial purchase came on July 23, 1863 from the New Haven Arms Company in Connecticut. This purchase was for 241 Henrys at a cost of $36.00 each. Other purchases followed: September 19, 1863 for 1 Henry, October 31, 1863 for 60 Henrys, March 9, 1864 for 800 Henrys, June 17, 1864 for 1 Henry, April 19, 1865 for 500 Henrys and the last purchase was made on May 23, 1865 for 127 Henrys. The number of Henrys purchased during the war amounted to 1104 with the rest of the 1731 being delivered after Lee's surrender. For the larger quantity orders the government paid $36.00 per Henry. The Henrys purchased in 1863 by the Ordnance Department are found in the serial number range of 3,000 to 4,200.(7) As mentioned the government issued these Henrys to the 1st D.C. Cavalry. They were eventually completely armed with Henrys. This regiment was commanded by Colonel Lafayette C. Baker. This was a special duty unit assigned to provost duty. It was also known as "Baker's Mounted Rangers." In May, 1863 they were assigned to General Kautz's cavalry division. This regiment fought in several engagements which included: Weldon Railroad Station, raids in southern Virginia, Battle of White's Bridge, Ft. Pride, Petersburg, Reams Station, Roanoke Bridge, Deep Bottom, Cox's Mill, 2nd Reams Station, Sycamore Church, Darbytown Road, and many others.(22) Colonel John T. Wilder in a letter dated March 20, 1863 wanted to order 900 Henrys to arm his command. However, the New Haven Arms Company was unable to deliver the order. Wilder purchased the next best thing to a Henry, a Spencer.(14) It seems that soldiers from Illinois purchased several Henrys. Here are a few more of their purchases in addition to the ones already mentioned. Serial number 2779 was used by John Cowens of Company D, 23rd Illinois Infantry. Serial number 1692 and 2523 were used by members of the 66th Illinois Infantry as well as number 2575. This last one was owned by Lorenzo Baker of Company D. It is a highly engraved Henry. Serial number 2639 is inscribed Chas Webster Co D WSS Vet. Vol. Gil Harbison of the 73rd Illinois Volunteer Infantry used a Henry at Spring Hill and Franklin, TN. Part of the 85th Illinois which was part of the 3rd Brigade which consisted of the 52nd Ohio, 86th Illinois, 110th Illinois, 125th Illinois and the 22nd Indiana all armed themselves in part with Henrys at their own expense. Christopher C. Cowan of Company K of the 96th Illinois Volunteers used his Henry effectively at Chickamauga until he was shot on September 20, 1863. The 115th Illinois Volunteers list 2 Henrys at least, serial number 6639 and 6400 which belonged to Captain Hyman of Company D.(15) Other users of Henrys involve those used by the Confederacy. A large number of Henrys were captured or privately purchased by the South. Many people today have questioned the use of Henrys by the Confederacy. The fact remains they were used by the Confederacy. There are no records of sales that were made to the Confederate government, but Confederate troops did purchase Henry rifles. Louisville, Kentucky was a place where all kinds of arms were for sale. Most of the Henrys used by the Confederacy were captured from the Union. Several captured Henrys were stamped at Confederate armories, with the "C.S.A." indicating inspection. Some captured guns were marked "CS" or "CSA" indicating a loyal Southerner wishing to establish the fact that the gun was used against Yankee troops in battle.(35) Henry rifle number 287 was used by William S. Skelton a lieutenant in Company E of Stirmans 1st Arkansas Cavalry, CSA. This gun was manufactured in 1861. A picture of this gun is in the Winchester Book on page 46. It is one of the first Henrys used in the war by either side. The fact that Skelton was a Confederate makes it even more unique. This particular Henry was offered for sale a few years ago in Shotgun News at the price of $50,000, making it one of the most expensive Henrys.(3) Lieutenant Skelton was promoted from the ranks to Lieutenant on July 10, 1862. Stirmans 1st Arkansas Cavalry was formed by consolidation of the 1st Battalion Arkansas Cavalry and the Bridge's Battalion of Sharpshooters, CSA. They fought in many battles, one being Corinth, Mississippi on October 3 to 5, 1862. At this battle Lieutenant Skelton was killed.(6) Skelton's Henry was recovered by a Minnesota regiment. The use of this Henry for the rest of the war is unclear.(3) Skelton's Henry was not the only Confederate Henry to be used in 1862. Captain Loenzo Fisher of the 10th Kentucky Partisan Rangers was also armed with a Henry rifle. He is even pictured with his Henry in the book The Partisan Rangers of the Confederate States Army. He did most of his fighting throughout Kentucky. Others in his command were probably armed with Henrys but it is not known how many. He died sometime in late 1862.(12) The 7th Virginia Cavalry was also armed with Henrys. It is stated that the 7th Virginia Cavalry used their Henrys at the battle of Reams Station.(1) It is interesting to note that the 1st D.C. Cavalry was also at Reams Station.(2) Reams Station is one of the few battles in which part of both sides were armed with Henrys. The 7th Virginia Cavalry got their Henrys from the 1st D.C. Cavalry by capturing several at Stony Creek, Virginia on June 24, 1864. Another 200 Henrys were taken from the 1st D.C. Cavalry on September 15, 1864 at Sycamore Church. These were issued to the 11th, 12th, and 35th Virginia Cavalry units.(7) It leads one to wonder about the 1st D.C. Cavalry as a fighting unit. Many testimonies have been given concerning the Henrys regarding the fact that a man armed with a Henry could take on 4 or more of the enemy. Major Joel W. Cloudman of the 1st D.C. Cavalry even mentions this in his testimony on the Henry after the Battle of Reams Station on August 24 and 25, 1864. On March 31, 1864 the 1st D. C. Cavalry were issued 783 Henrys and on June 30, 1864 they were issued another 639 for a total of 1422 Henrys.(7) (These figures do not match up with the government purchases given in another source.) That many Henrys, firing at a rate of 32 shots per minute, should have been able to produce a volume of fire equal to 227,520 rounds in five minutes. That even includes reloading time. The question is, how can a force armed with 1422 Henrys lose so many of them? It seems the 1st D.C. Cavalry was the best supplier of Henrys and ammunition to the Confederacy. Captain Jesse McNeil's Rangers were also armed with Henrys. The Rangers used their Henrys to capture major General George Crook and Major General Benjamin F. Kelley on February 21, 1865 at Cumberland, Maryland.(7) One of the last Henrys to be used by the Confederacy were those given to Jefferson Davis' bodyguards. These accompanied President Davis on his flight from Richmond in April, 1865. One of these Henrys is pictured on the cover of Civil War Times in the September, 1982 issue.(5) The following paragraphs show a few more Henrys that saw service in the Civil War. Serial number 1,639 was used by Asahel Horton who enlisted in the "Western Sharp Shooters" which became the 14th Missouri Infantry and then the 66th Illinois Infantry. This unit fought with distinction throughout the Atlanta Campaign and Sherman's March to the Sea. He became a corporal and reenlisted December 24, 1863. He served until he was mustered out July 7, 1865.(37) Michael G. Buzard enlisted August 12, 1861 from Oregon, Missouri and used Henry number 4,434. He became a sergeant in Company F of the 25th Missouri Infantry. The regiment consolidated February 4, 1864 with Bissell's "Engineer Regiment of the West" as the 1st Missouri Engineers. He served in Company H and after October 31, 1864 in Company D. He also served with General Sherman on his March to the Sea. Michael was discharged July 22, 1865.(37) Henry number 3,347 has the inspector's initials "C.G.C." This Henry is one of the 800 ordered by the Ordnance Department March 9, 1864 for the 8 new companies of the 1st D.C. Cavalry, transferred in August, 1864 to the 1st Maine Cavalry.(37) Serial number 2,710 appears to be a captured Henry. Scratched on the left side plate is: "Captured at/ Goodrich's Landing/ Oct 1864/ IGS." On the right side plate are the initials "GMS" and the date "1868." In October of 1864, Goodrich Landing on the Mississippi River was a Union supply base.(37) Wilber F. Lunt enlisted in the lst DC Cavalry February 11, 1864, from Biddeford, Maine. He became a corporal in Company I and later a sergeant in Company K on December 12, 1864. On June 20, 1865 he became lst sergeant of Company G, lst Maine Cavalry. He used Henry number 1,434. On September 16, 1864, his company was engaged with Confederate cavalry at Sycamore Church, VA, where Lunt evaded capture by climbing up a tree.(37) Henry number 9,223 was used by a member of Company E of the 2nd Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps, known as the 31st Penn. Infantry. This unit was recruited in Philadelphia and fought in the Peninsular Campaign, at Second Bull Run, Antietum, Fredericksburg and Gettysburg. This Henry is engraved "Arch McAlister" "CoE. 2nd Regt, P.R.V.C." "Enlisted April 27th 1861". "Discharged June 16th, 1864".(37) Another early Henry was serial number 976. This Henry was used by A. W. Morris of Co. D. 16th Ill. Vet. Vol. Infantry, 1st Brigade, 2nd Division./14th Army Corps. He enlisted June 25th 1861 and reenlisted December 22, 1863. He was discharged July 17th, 1865. Alfred W. Morris was from Hannibal, MO, and served with the 16th Illinois through the Atlanta Campaign and Sherman's March to the Sea. The 16th Illinois was the first regiment to enter Savannah and also fought at Bentonville, NC.(37) Lucius P. Tallman enlisted in the "Western Sharp Shooters," the 66th Illinois Infantry, and used Henry number 2,582. His enlistment date is November 5, 1861 from Stillwater, Minn. He reenlisted December 24, 1863 and was mustered out July 7, 1865. The 66th Illinois Infantry had over 220 Henrys that their members purchased at their own expense. These Henrys were used effectively against Joe Wheeler at Snake Creek Gap, Georgia on May 9, 1864.(37) Another interesting Henry was one owned by Major General James G. Blunt. His is serial number 2,378 and is gold-plated with a rosewood stock. His name is engraved on the right side of the breech opening, "Major General J.G. Blunt." Major General Blunt was the Union general commanding volunteers in the district of the Frontier in Southern Kansas and the Indian Territory. In October, 1863 he barely escaped an ambush by Quantrill at Baxter Springs.(37) The 58th Indiana Infantry also used several Henrys. Henry number 2,347 was used by John F. Philips who enlisted in Company C November 12, 1861 from Potoka, Indiana. He was mustered out July 25, 1865. The 58th Indiana Infantry fought in several campaigns including Chickamauga and Knoxville in 1863 in the Atlanta Campaign the 58th took charge of pontoon trains and in Sherman's March to the Sea built bridges and repaired roads. John Fox was in the same company and used Henry number 2,293. Sergeant Gilbert Armstrong was presented a Henry by his friends for his bravery at Stone's River. Armstrong was wounded at Chickamauga and his Henry was captured by the Confederates.(37) Two other Henrys used in the Civil War were serial number 504 and 8,051. Number 504 was used by F.W. Binger at Salt Creek, Nebraska in 1864. Henry 8,051 was used by Frank W. Meese. Gideon Welles, Sec. of the Navy was presented serial number 9, a highly engraved Henry. Edwin Stanton, Sec. of War, presented an engraved Henry, number 2,317, to Governor W.F.M. Army of New Mexico in August of 1863.(37) It is safe to say that Henrys were used throughout the Civil War and in all theaters of the War, from 1862 to 1865. Most of the early purchases were made in the West. While in the east the 1st D.C. Cavalry was fully armed with Henrys by June of 1863. During the Civil War over 10,000 Henrys were used. These were mainly privately purchased Henrys. The government purchased 4,610,400 cartridges for the Henrys.(27) There were also many private purchases of ammunition. At the Battle of Bentonville, NC the 7th Illinois Volunteer Infantry shot up so much ammunition during the night, the Confederates were gone the next morning.(11) They thought the entire Union army had arrived. One very interesting Henry appeared for sale in The Shotgun News September 1, 1990. It is an extraordinary Civil War presentation engraved Henry. It is inscribed to "Sgt. Edgar Putnam, 9th N.Y. Cavalry." Putnam was awarded the Medal of Honor for distinguished Valor at Crump's Creek, Virginia May 27, 1864. The asking price was $135,000.(4) That is one of the highest asking prices for a Henry. Most Henrys sell for between $6,000 and $15,000. The Henry changed warfare, but the military was slow to catch on. The Henry proved that a frontal assault against a smaller force armed with repeaters was doomed to failure. However frontal assaults were still made in World War I with disastrous results. The Battle of Allatoona Pass The 7th Illinois Veteran Infantry The Battle of Allatoona Pass is the one battle where the Henry Repeating Rifle played a very important role. Some even credit the Henry with winning the battle. Captain John A. Smith of Company E, 7th Illinois Infantry even states that the success of this battle would decide whether the march to the sea would be possible or not. Was Allatoona Pass an important battle? Of the 128 volumes of the "Rebellion Official Records," there are 2 volumes practically devoted to events leading up to this battle, the battle itself, and the consequential results.(51) It was important for many reasons but most of all it was General Sherman's supply line. The Western & Atlantic Railroad was used to ship supplies to Sherman's army during the Atlanta campaign. So Allatoona Pass was a supply base that contained over 1,000,000 rations, including 8,000 beef cattle, and ammunition. It also contained over $3,000,000 worth of property. This made Allatoona Pass a likely target for General Hood.(57) Colonel John T. Tourtellotte was the garrison commander. His troops consisted of the 4th Minnesota Infantry, the 18th Wisconsin Infantry, the 93rd Illinois Infantry, part of the 5th Ohio Cavalry and the 12th Wisconsin Battery. His total command numbered 985. The artillery consisted of 2 Napoleons and 4, 3 inch rifles. The defenses were 2 small forts, a trench works and several small redoubts and rifle pits.(57) Major General Samuel French was given the job of securing Allatoona Pass and burning the railroad trestle over the Etowah river. This order was sent to French October 4 at 7:30 a.m. French was also to fill in the railroad cut at Allatoona Pass. This, if it could be done, would be a major undertaking. The cut itself was 300 feet long and varied in depth up to 175 feet. This was to be filled in with anything available including dirt, logs, brush, rails, etc.(57) General Hood stressed the burning of the bridge and even sent a second message stressing its importance. The number of French's troops seems to very from 3,200 to as high as 6,000 depending on what source you read. French was also given a Battalion of 12 Napoleons commanded by Major John Myrick. It is thought that General Hood did not know about the rations located at Allatoona Pass. Had he known he might have made more of an effort, making it a top priority mission.(57) On October 4, 1864, General Sherman telegraphed General John Corse, age 24, at Rome to take his entire command to Allatoona Pass, having learned that Confederates were heading that way. General Corse left Rome at 8:30 PM on October 4 and would not arrive at Allatoona Pass until 12:00 midnight on Oct. 5. Because of a train mishap he was only able to transport 1,054 men. These troops included: 8 companies, 280 men of the 39th Iowa commanded by Lt. Col. James Redfield, 9 companies, 267 men of the 7th Illinois commanded by Lt. Col. Hector Perrin, 8 companies, 267 men of the 50th Illinois commanded by Lt. Col. William Hanna, 2 companies, 61 men of the 57th Illinois commanded by Capt. Van Steenberg and a detachment of the 12th Illinois 155 men commanded by Capt. Koehler. This brigade was commanded by Colonel Richard Rowett.(43) It should also be noted that Company D of the 7th Illinois was left behind in Rome as part of the guard, each regiment was required to leave one company.(44,51) Upon arrival at Allatoona Pass General Corse unloaded his troops and 165,000 rounds of ammunition. He sent the train back to Rome for the rest of his troops but another accident prevented there arrival in time for the battle.(43) On October 3 almost every dispatch sent by General Sherman to his generals included some mention of Allatoona Pass. General Corse's chief objective was to prevent the enemy from taking Allatoona Pass. To accomplish this he had a total force of around between 1,500 to 2,000. This included his own force of 1,054 and those of Col. Tourtellotte, about 1,000. At 6:00 AM on October 5, General Corse's troops were posted as follows: The 7th Illinois and 39th Iowa were in line of battle, facing west on a spur that covered the redoubt on the hill over the cut; one company of the 93rd was in reserve. The balance of the 93rd was deployed as skirmishers and moved along the ridge in a westerly direction feeling out the enemy who was trying to push around the right flank. The 4th Minnesota and the 50th Illinois and 12th Illinois were in the works on the hill east of the railroad cut. The balance of the troops were on outpost or skirmish duty.(43) At 6:30 a.m., the Confederate artillery on Moore's Hill opened fired on Union positions. The 12th Wisconsin Artillery answered and an artillery duel was under way. French ordered General Claudius Sears to continue toward the railroad and attack from the north. At the same time General Francis Cockrell with 1900 troops would attack, supported by General William Young with his 400 troops, the western most end of the Union lines.(57) This is the position defended by Company E of the 7th Illinois. At 8:30 AM from the north on the Carterville Road General Corse received the following demand of surrender under a flag of truce. For a flag of truce a black servant had a handkerchief stenciled with the words "A. Coward" on it. French's adjutant, Major David Sanders, handed the surrender demand to Lieutenant William Kinney of the 93rd Illinois saying he would wait 15 minutes for a reply.(57) Lt. Kinney gave the note to Colonel Rowett who delivered it to General Corse. The note read: "Around Allatoona, Oct. 5, 1864 Commanding Officer U.S. Forces, Allatoona; Sir:-I have placed the forces under my command in such position that you are surrounded, and to avoid a needless effusion of blood I call upon you to surrender your forces at once and unconditionally. Five minutes will be allowed you to decide. Should you accede to this you will be treated in the most honorable manner as prisoner of war. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, S.G. French, Major-General commanding" To this surrender demand General Corse replied the following: "Headquarters, Fourth Division, Fifteenth Army Corp. Allatoona, Ga., October 5, 1864, 8:30 a.m. Major-General S G French, C.S. Army, etc.: Your communication demanding surrender of my command I acknowledge receipt of and would respectfully reply that we are prepared for 'the needless effusion of blood' whenever it is agreeable to you. I am, very respectful, Your obedient servant, John M. Corse, Brigadier-General Commanding U.S. Forces"(42) Upon delivering his answer General Corse prepared his defense. He directed Col. Rowett to hold the spur on which the 39th Iowa and 7th Illinois were formed, sent Col. Tourtellotte over to the east hill with orders to hold it to the last, sending for reinforcements if needed. Taking 2 companies of the 7th Illinois down a spur parallel with the railroad and along the brink of the cut, so disposed them as to hold the north side as long as possible. Three companies of the 93rd, which had been driven in from the west end of the ridge were distributed in the ditch south of the redoubt, with instructions to keep the town well covered by their fire and watch the depot where were stored over a million rations. The remaining battalion, under Major Fisher, lay between the redoubt and Rowett's line, ready to reinforce whenever most needed.(43) Just after issuing these orders the attack came full force. Young's brigade of Texans, 1,900 strong, had gained the west end of the ridge and moved along the crest striking Rowett's command. They were checked by the massive fire of the 16 shot Henry repeaters. The 7th Illinois continually raked the Confederate lines firing as fast as they could work the levers on their rifles, cutting the Confederates to shreds with their sixteen shooters. These repeaters would be used many time throughout this battle checking the Confederates in at least 6 attacks on their position.(43) An eye witness account is given by a member of Company A, Private Frank D. Orcutt. First off Orcutt enlisted at the first call for volunteers in Company K. After the 3 month enlistment was up he re-enlisted into Company A for 3 years. The date of this enlistment was July 25, 1861. Orcutt was from Carlinville, Illinois and is listed as a musician in the company roll. He re-enlisted as a Veteran on Dec. 22, 1863 and fought the rest of the war, mustering out July 9, 1865. His account of his actions is taken from letter written by Frank D. Orcutt home. "Early in the forenoon of the next day a demand came in for a surrender followed immediately by an impetuous and headlong attack which overwhelmed Company I who were out as Skirmishers, killed the Capt. Jack Sullivan and captured all who were not killed. The assault partially succeeded. The 7th Regt. and 39th Iowa were partly cut off from the fort, but those who reached it poured in the severest fire upon the assailing forces that had ever been seen up to that time, with such splendid result that the attacking forces melted away out of sight as though the earth had opened and swallowed them. The cook of Company A, who had coffee made for us in a ravine near us was taken prisoner, but in the confusion and haste of leaving, the Rebels neglected to take him along. He says General French with an entire division were the assailants. That he saw the General make frantic endeavors to induce his men to storm us out. He saw them make several attempts to rout us, each time resulting in a sudden collapse of their line when they would come tumbling back to the starting place to receive the scolding of General French who upbraided them for their failure to dislodge us from the ditch outside the fort. Have accord the opportunity of an ocular demonstration of the effectiveness of the writer's firing, after fully 400 cartridges had been used without any perceptible result--besides burning his hand and exhausting and depressing him mentally and physically. It was at the close of the battle the writer had climbed over the top of the fort and was looking over the top of a six pounder cannon where a fellow in gray bending low came up from a ravine and entered the cabin of an artillerist. Soon smoke issued from a knothole of the side toward us. Levelling my 16 shooter across the wheel of the open carriage I awaited a 2nd discharge from the hole. As rapidly as his gun could be loaded, for it was an Enfield Rifle (muzzle loading) he proceeded with his 2nd shot. Instantly my rifle cracked for my aim had been fixed upon the hole and no more smoke issued from that place. Almost immediately from behind a tree close to the cabin a glimpse of a hat was had. Then it disappeared only to reappear in a moment. My gun was already in position having good rest over the open carriage and at the second appearance of the head, was discharged. I was positive that from my high position none other observed the hat, and not another shot was fired from the fort that day afterward. Our cook came in and reported the enemy as retreating, and upon going to the spot from curiosity, a body was seen lying in the shanty, and one at the foot of tree. Both killed by a bullet in the head. There are no grounds for believing that any other of the many shots fired by the writer took effect. Therefore his service to the Government is no longer to be considered as non-effectual. With a range inside of 60 yards and no distracting movements to interfere it will readily be seen and recognized as no very skillful performance, yet large numbers of men go into battle and do valiant service without ever knowing if they ever succeeded in producing even a scratch upon their opponents."(60) Up from the west and the south Young's troops came. They were headed towards the warehouse containing the rations and army supplies. Capt. John A. Smith, who was only about 20 years old, was commanding Company E of the 7th Illinois Infantry. This company had 52 men and was the largest company in the 7th Illinois Infantry at this time. He was asked if he could take care of the attacking regiment, part of Young's brigade, numbering about 400 troops. He replied, "I can, Sir," and with a sixteen shooter on his shoulder he turned to his 52 men armed with Henrys also and said "Come on, boys" and gave the command, Forward. The movement was in the open. The enemy could not understand it, 52 against 400. Reaching a position in line with the left flank of the rebel regiment, Capt. Smith gave the command, "By right into line." In 5 minutes the rebel regiment was broken to fragments and practically annihilated. The huge volume of fire pouring forth from the Henry Repeating tore the rebel regiment to pieces. This was not without a price to pay. Company E lost 17 killed, 21 wounded and 4 captured. This was 80% of the company's strength.(42) Captain Smith states in 1910 his account of this action. He mentions that the Henry Repeating rifle played a crucial role in saving Allatoona Pass form the rebels. Captain Smith was the person that purchased the Henry rifles for the 7th Illinois Infantry. When he bought them, the agent in Chicago from whom he purchased them made Captain Smith a beautiful silver mounted presentation grade Henry with his name engraved on the breech. This Henry accompanied him to Allatoona Pass. It was the only time in which Captain Smith used a gun in the line of battle.(51) In the 2 hour action in which Company lost 80% of their strength, Captain Smith used his silver plated Henry, firing and reloading many times. The following is Captain John A. Smith telling what happened to his silver plated Henry. "I had a boy in my company named William H. Burwell. He was a very large man, not very tall, and on the left of the company. We would wait until we heard the rebels yell as they came up to the side of the ridge. They always yelled first and then fired. When we were reloading after one of these volleys, Burwell turned to me and said, "Captain, my gun is out of order.' He couldn't get the cartridge into the chamber. Meantime I had loaded and emptied my gun several times. I said, 'All right Billie. You take my gun and I will see if I can do anything with yours.' I got down on my knees and got out one of those Barlow knives which you all remember, but I was unable to remove the difficulty." "About that time we were ordered back to the fort and after the battle was over next morning we commenced gathering up the dead. Of course the wounded and dead lay all together that night. The left of the company rested on the Carterville Road. In one of the ruts that had been worn by the wagons lay William Burwell on his face, dead, and under him was my silver mounted rifle all covered with blood. He had evidently been killed in the act of firing. My gun was the only one saved out of the 17 lost by the company."(51) The Confederates ended up with the rest. As long as the ammunition held out, they were of use to the Confederates. General French even kept a captured Henry from Allatoona Pass. He surrendered the brass frame Henry shortly after the surrender of Lee at Appomattox.(58) Because of the action of Company E and the 7th Illinois Infantry with their Henrys, Allatoona Pass was saved from the Confederates. Company E was shot to pieces and along with the rest of the 7th Illinois, the 93rd Illinois and the 39th Iowa fell back to the fort.(51) It was now about 11:00 a.m. By this time the Confederates had driven most of Corse's command into the forts on either side of the railroad cut.(57) For the next 2 and a half hours they repelled several attacks from the north, the west, and the south from Young's, Sear's and Cockrell's brigades. During this action Col. Redfield of the 39th Iowa fell, shot 4 times.(51) General Young was also wounded, receiving a nasty wound to the foot.(57) During this fighting a lot of it was cruel hand to hand fighting. Bayonets and rifle butts were used to fight off the attackers. Every man in the 39th Iowa Color Guard was killed or wounded and their flag was ripped from the staff.(57) The Confederates were so disorganized by now that no regular assault could be made on the fort. The trenches were filled and the parapets lined with men. As long as the ammunition held out the fort was impregnable. The fort was receiving fire from the north, south and west. An effort was made to take the U.S. fortifications, but the 12th Wisconsin battery was able render it impossible for a column to live within 100 yards of the works.(43) After several cannoneers had been wounded, private James Croft loaded one of the 3 inch-guns with double canister and fired. This shot demolished the Confederate ranks attacking the high ground west of the fort. For this action he was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor.(57) At 12:15 p.m. General French received a message that a large number of Union infantry and cavalry were headed his way. At 12:30 p.m. French ordered Sears to withdraw and Young and Cockrell were to follow an hour later. The fighting continued as word was slow to get to the proper people.(57) About 1:00 p.m. (another source states the time of his wound at 10:00 a.m.) General Corse was wounded by a rifle ball that incapacitated him for 30 or 40 minutes. Colonel Rowett then assumed command. He gave the order to cease fire in order to conserve ammunition for the next attack. When General Corse heard this he thought that Rowett was going to surrender and shouted "No surrender, by God Hold the fort." Just then Colonel Rowett receive a head wound that put him out of action. By this time General Corse was back in command.(57) The men tried to fire and stay under cover at the same time. The enemy had concentrated a murderous fire and it was difficult to get a shot off. The 7th Illinois with their 16 shooters pumped out shot after shot as fast as the could fire.(43) Part of the 7th was taken prisoner around this time. Here is an address given by Lieutenant James Crawley, Co. I during one of the reunions of the 7th Illinois. He said "I was taken prisoner at Allatoona Pass October 5, 1864, about 1:00 in the afternoon. The regiment was ordered to retire to the fort. There were 39 of us out of the regiment that were left firing our Henry rifles and did not hear the order to retire. We were left out in the rifle pits and when I emptied my gun and looked around, the hill between us and the fort was swarming with rebels. We turned our fire toward the fort but where one rebel would fall there would come a dozen in his place. I emptied my sixteen shooter twice and was down on my knees loading again when I looked up and there stood a Johnny Reb within about twenty feet of me with a musket leveled at me. He wanted to know if I surrendered and I told him I guessed I couldn't do any better. They marched us over where their artillery was and then we found that our forces had not surrendered, and the enemy was retreating. Under the circumstances we could do nothing less than retreat with the enemy, and we marched all the afternoon till about sundown, when we went into camp at New Hope Church, about ten miles from Allatoona Pass. If the boys had listened to me that night we could have made our escape just as well as not. About dark it began to rain very hard, and there were 102 of us and only 30 guards, ten on relief, and the remaining 20 were in among us. I could have picked up two or three guns at any moment. I proposed to my comrades that two of them go and engage each guard in conversation and at a signal each two men grab his guard, throw him inside of the guard line, grab the guns and march the rebs back to Allatoona Pass. We could have been back before daylight and not fired a shot. I have always been sorry that I allowed the boys to persuade me out of making that attempt." Lieutenant Crawley and the others ended up in Millen Prison.(40) The artillery was silent for want of ammunition. One brave fellow, whose name has since been forgotten, volunteered to cross the cut, which was under enemy fire, and go to the fort on the east hill and procure ammunition. Having executed his mission successfully, he returned in a short time with an arm-load of canister and caseshot.(43) About 2:30 p.m. the enemy were observed massing a force behind a small house and the ridge on which the house was located, about 150 yards to the northwest. The dead and wounded were moved aside to make room to place a piece of artillery to command the house and the ridge. A few shots from the gun threw the enemy's column into great confusion. The Union troops them poured in a devastating and continuous fire from their Henrys and muskets that made it impossible for the enemy to rally. From this time until near 4:00 p.m. the advantage belong to the Union troops. Shortly thereafter the last of the Confederate army left the field, leaving their dead and wounded.(43) After failing to capture the garrison and supplies an effort was made to destroy the supplies. A Confederate Colonel, with a lighted torch, was within a few feet of the store house when killed by a shot from a guard. This was a perfectly place shot in the middle of his forehead. If not for this shot the large accumulation of supplies stored there would have been destroyed. Had the Confederates been successful in burning the supplies it would have endangered the Atlanta campaign and the march to the sea.(44) It could be that this bullet came from a Henry repeating rifle. Several times during the battle General Sherman tried to keep in touch with General Corse at Allatoona Pass. Sherman was at Kenesaw mountain some 20 miles away. He relied on the signal corp. Two of the men on the receiving end at Allatoona Pass were W.E. Lawless of the 7th Illinois and F.A. West. One of the famous messages sent by General Sherman and received by these men was "Hold the Fort for I am coming." (44) While the battle of Allatoona was at its height General Sherman was straining every nerve to throw a strong force in between Allatoona and Dallas, so as to cut off the column making the attack. The Confederate records show that it was an apprehension of this movement that caused General French to withdraw from before Allatoona but the fact remains that after 14 hours, skirmish and battle he was repulsed at every point with heavy loses.(43) Loses for French were listed as 287 dead and 783 captured(42) including General William H. Young. In research of the records of the battle, Captain John A. Smith of Company E, 7th Illinois gives a figure of 1800 killed and wounded. This figure comes from the fact that on September 21, 1864 after the battle of Lovejoy Station French's army had 4,700 men. The report of November 14, 1864 shows 2,900 men with the only battle being Allatoona Pass.(51) Loses for the 7th Illinois were considerable. The regiment went into the fight with 291 men, minus the 32 men of Co. D. 190 of were armed with Henry repeating rifles. From these rifle over 31,000 rounds of ammunition were fire at an average of 163 per man. The loss in the regiment was 4 commissioned officers and 42 enlisted men killed, 6 commissioned officers and 67 enlisted men wounded and 37 prisoners, making a total of 150 men, more than half of the regiment. The regimental colors have 217 bullet holes through them, one cutting the staff entirely in two with 11 other bullet marks on the staff. Of the 11 color-bearers 8 were killed or wounded.(41) The 7th Illinois' flag and the 39 Iowa's flags were not the only ones shot full of holes. The flag of the 12th Wisconsin Artillery received 107 bullet holes.(57) Flags were not the only thing shot full of holes. The headquarters tent of the 93rd Illinois stood between the fort and the enemy lines. The tent was supported by sixteen ropes, four from each side from the top of the walls and four on each side from the fly. When the battle was over the tent was still standing but it was supported by only three ropes, two on one side and one on the other; 13 ropes had been severed by bullets. There was hardly a square inch of the tent that had not been penetrated by bullets.(43) Were the Henry rifles an important factor in this battle? Without the sixteen shooters the order for Captain Smith to "fix" that Confederate regiment would never have been made. Without the sixteen shooters, with which the 7th Illinois Infantry was generally armed, the great Battle of Allatoona Pass would have been lost to the Union forces, and likewise the supplies for Sherman's army, which would have made it impossible for him to make his march to the sea that year. The sixteen shooters, in harmony with the rock and steel men behind them, did work.(56) After the battle General Sherman was so gratified with the defense of Allatoona Pass that he made it the subject of a General Order, dated October 7, 1864. He said: "The General commanding avails himself of the opportunity, in the handsome defense made of Allatoona, to illustrate the most important principle in war, that fortified posts should be defended to the last,regardless of the relative numbers of the party attacking and attacked. * * * The thanks of this army are due, and are hereby accorded to Gen. Corse, Col. Tourtelotte, Col. Rowett, officers and men, for their determined and gallant defense of Allatoona, and it is made an example to illustrate the importance of preparing in time, and meeting the danger, when present, boldly, manfully, and well. Commanders and garrisons of the posts along our railroad are hereby instructed that they must hold their posts to the last minute, sure that the time gained is valuable and necessary to their comrades at the front. "By order of "Maj.-Gen. W. T. Sherman. "L.M. Dayton, Aid-de-Camp."(56) After the Battle of Allatoona Pass and the years went by many of the participants would look back and remember. One individual, Sergeant Voorhees, Co. C, remembers this part: "During the battle of Allatoona Pass we were ordered on the hill and in the outer works. Our company was on the right of the regiment, and, after a few hours fighting, the enemy came up so far on our right flank that they could shoot lengthwise of the ditch we were in. This necessitated surrender, and when I saw all the men who were not killed or wounded being marched off as prisoners, I made up my mind that I would not be a prisoner and started back to the fort. I had not gone far when a bullet whizzed through my clothing, between the upper part on my left arm and my body, grazing my skin. The next instant a piece of shell struck me with such tremendous force that I went down like a log, knocked completely senseless. I lay there for some little time and then, with a struggle, I rallied, and cut my flesh about the wound the size of a walnut. Finally I got up and started again for the fort. I saw that I was in the range of our cannon and I got out of the way as quick as possible. I made for the cut of the railroad and remained there a moment to rest. I was famishing for water and did not know what to do. I slid down to the track and went out of the cut, by the supply house, and then on partly around the hill to the creek. Just before I reached the creek, across an open space of fifty yards, there came out of the brush some three or four of the enemy on horseback. I had my gun at a trail and made no motion to run or dodge. They saw me, turned quickly around and, in two seconds, were out of my sight. I coolly proceeded to get my water and came back. In a short time the firing began to cease. I have always believed that, that little encounter had a great deal to do with the withdrawal of the enemy. There was a good deal of thin brush where I was standing and they probably thought the balance of the line was hidden.(54) Thomas J. Martin, Co. B. several years after the war was in Texas and gives this little account. "I was in Texas one night long after the war was over, and I was camping on the road near Dallas. There were several campers around the campfire that night, but all stranger to me; one of them had been a Confederate soldier. He belonged to the 10th Texas, and pretty soon he began to give us a history of the battle of Allatoona and he told it just about right. He said his regiment was in front of the 7th Illinois, and they were armed with Henry rifles and they did such good service that after the battle was over there was hardly any of his regiment left. When he got through I walked over to him and offered him my hand. I said: 'Shake, pard, I belonged to Co. B of that regiment.' 'Well', he said, 'Your Henry rifles saved the fort that day.'"(46) Another story is from a member of Co. K. In a letter sent to the reunion of the 7th Illinois Infantry in 1916 he tells it like this: "During the years 1875-76, I planted cotton on a plantation adjourning Greenville, Miss. While there, I met some of our old friends on the other side. One of them, an officer of rank, who was at Allatoona, when I told him that the 7th Illinois was in the fight, replied, "Oh, those were the fellows who had the everlasting shooting guns." No more was said on that subject. I have always thought a few words expressed a good deal. I tested my Henry and found it fully as accurate as any rifle I used afterward, when roving over the plains and mountains of Colorado and New Mexico."(56) The following story was written by H.H. Baltzell of Co. E, 7th Illinois from Princeton, Indiana. He wrote this around 1910 and it appeared in the National Tribune. He writes: "Our regiment was stationed in the rifle pits, about 300 feet from the fort, on the west side of the pass. Most of us were armed with Henry rifles, which were sixteen shooter guns. The rebels made their first charge upon the pit in which we were stationed. We held them off for about half an hour, pumping lead into them as fast as we could. This did not seem to stop them, however, for they kept charging as if our bullets were nothing more than snowballs. After a time we drew back to the fort. They made three more charges and then drew off about 2 o'clock in the afternoon. Forty-two of our regiment were killed, 53 were wounded, and a few were taken prisoner. Week before last I had the pleasure of visiting a few of the old places in the south. One of them was Allatoona. My oldest son, one of his sons, and I left Princeton over the C. & E. I. railroad June 21. We went straight from Princeton to Marietta, Ga., where we visited the National Cemetery. We found there the graves of 12 of my company. However, we did not find the graves of the rest of our regiment who were buried there, as they were scattered throughout the cemetery. The cemetery, whose keeper is an Illinois soldier, is kept in fine condition. While at Marietta we went up on Kenesaw Mountain, and from there got a very fine view of Marietta and the surrounding country. From Marietta we went to Allatoona, where we visited the battlefield. We found the old rifle pits in fairly good condition. The places where we buried our boys were plainly to be seen. We went all through the two forts, which are on both sides of the pass. The house which stood on the east side of the pass is now torn down, and corn is planted on its site. While walking around the fort on the east side of the pass we found five shells and one musket ball, which had been fired from our guns. The large, two- story building which stood at the foot of the hill, on the west side of the road, and which was used for a hospital, is still standing. The man now living in it lived two miles from there at the time of the battle. He told me that he was 11 years old at the time of the battle and that he talked to a "Johnny" who was in the charge upon our regiment. He told the man that they had never come up against anything like it before. They thought that it was a whole brigade."(56) Another thing unusual happened at the battle of Allatoona. This incident when discovered attracted a lot of attention. A Confederate physician discovered that they had a woman in their hospital who belonged to the 4th Missouri. She had been wounded in the thigh, necessitating amputation. This fact soon became known to our troops and all were anxious to see her. Dressed in Confederate uniform, with shingled hair, she was of masculine appearance.(44) Other women fought in the war but this is a document case. Without the small force holding Allatoona Pass, the rations and supplies would have been lost. It is therefore doubtful if the March to the Sea could have been executed. This victory could not have been possible without the firepower of the 7th Illinois Volunteer Infantry and their Henry Repeating Rifles. No references have been found dealing with fire by file or company fire for the Henrys. The only references dealing with firing state, they would use independent rapid fire. Without the firepower of the Henrys the Confederates would have taken Allatoona Pass. If the Confederates took Allatoona Pass, it is speculated that the war could have lasted another one or two years. The Henrys prevented this from happening. Chapter 3: The Henry, Spencer and Their Tactics The Henry rifle would prove to be a very useful weapon during the Civil War. Around 10,000 Henrys were used in the War but the United States government purchased only 1731. Some of the drawbacks are the following: 1. troops would waste ammunition, 2. the ammunition would be dangerous to transport because of containing the priming compound in the rim, 3. the magazine spring could be damaged easily, 4. the magazine could be dented if dropped, thus jamming the gun, 5. the barrel would become too hot after a few shots. In general, many felt the Henry was too delicate to be issued to common troops. At this time most military leaders believed in what had worked in the past and were not willing to make changes in weaponry with the country in the middle of a Civil War. The military leaders did not have the foresight to see that a weapon of this nature could shorten the war if used in large numbers. The government was also looking at another repeating breech loading weapon at the same time. This weapon was the Spencer repeating rifle and carbine. The Spencer rifle and carbine were quite different weapons than the Henry. The Spencer was an eight shot, lever action, repeating weapon with a 30 inch barrel for the rifle and a 20 inch barrel for the carbine. The Spencer weighed about 10 pounds for the rifle and a little less for the carbine. The Spencer loaded by removing the magazine outer tube from the butt stock and dropping in 7 rounds and replacing the magazine tube. The ammunition for the Spencer was self-contained, a .56 caliber rim-fire cartridge with a 350 grain bullet backed by 45 grains of black powder. The government purchased 94,000 carbines and 12,000 rifles.(22) It is estimated there were over 230,000 Spencers used in the Civil War, however this figure is questionable. The patent date for the Spencer is March 6, 1860. Most of the major purchases did not begin until 1863. Many states' militia purchased their own at a cost of around $35.00 each.(33) Even though the Spencer did not hold as many rounds as the Henry, it did have some advantages over the Henry that the government liked: 1. slower rate of fire due to the fact that the hammer had to cocked by hand for each shot and it did not hold as many rounds, 2. the magazine of the Spencer was better protected from dirt and damage by being enclosed in the butt stock of the gun, 3. a quick loading device was produced in December, 1864 known as the Blakeslee cartridge box, 4. it had a forearm stock which protected the user from burns during prolong firing, 5. the Spencer was better suited for cavalry work.(30) The most famous unit that was armed with the Spencer was the Lightning Brigade commanded by Colonel John T. Wilder. This brigade consisted of the 17th Indiana Infantry, the 72nd Indiana Infantry, 92nd Illinois Infantry, 98th Illinois and the 123rd Illinois Infantry. These were mounted infantry units. Most cavalry units were armed with the Spencer carbine but Wilder's Brigade was armed with the Spencer rifle.(31) An interesting side note is the Spencer rifle was not Wilder's first choice for a weapon. His first choice was the Henry. He placed an order for 900 Henrys with the New Haven Arms Company. Unfortunately they were unable to fill it and Wilder needed weapons in a hurry.(14) The following are some of the new tactics possibly developed as a result of these new weapons, the Henry and the Spencer. One tactic that seemed to develop was the idea of repeated volley fire. By use of a controlled volley, every 2 seconds, a frontal charge could be broken up most of the time, demoralizing the enemy. Where many volleys could be fired with repeaters in a minute, a man with a muzzle loader could only fire 2 or 3 per minute. With a repeater continued volleys could be sustained for long periods. Another tactic was the use of repeaters by skirmishers. By sending out skirmishers with repeaters, their rate of fire would confuse the enemy. The enemy would not be able to tell how many were in their front. Also they could send out fewer skirmishers to do the same job as several, thus risking fewer lives. Troops armed with Henrys and Spencers would often fire a volley then wait. The enemy thinking they were reloading would attack across the open, only to be greeted by a hail of lead from the muzzles of the repeaters. This caused a great many casualties to the attacking army. Some reports state that the repeaters' levers were operated like pump handles, or a stream of lead was fired, or a raking fire, or they fired as fast as they could work their levers. Another tactic was to plug a gap in the lines. One report mentions that the Lightning Brigade was capable of firing 160,000 rounds of ammunition in 5 minutes. That is a rate of fire that could plug any gap in the lines.(31) The Henry and the Spencer were the assault weapons of their day. Troops armed with these weapons would close to within 200 yards, then charge and fire as fast as they could. Their large volume of fire would cause the enemy to flee their infantry positions or leave their artillery behind.(14) Since no official tactics existed, the brigade commanders came up with their own. Most of the time these tactics involved the repeater as a rapid fire weapon. To fire in a slow fire operation and not make use of the rapid fire capability, would render the repeater no more useful than a muzzle loader. The Henry changed warfare forever making the muzzle loader obsolete for future wars. General Porter Alexander, CSA Artillery, commented that if the Union would have adopted repeaters in large numbers, the war would have ended within a year or two at the most. What the military would not accept was the fact that the Henry and Spencer made single shot weapons obsolete for regular army use. There failure to adopt a repeating rifle sooner cost many soldiers their lives. The 1873 Trapdoor Springfield, although and excellent and durable weapon, was outdated when it was introduced. Even though it had greater range with it's .45-70 caliber, the common soldier had very little target practice and was unable to hit targets consistently at ranges beyond 150 to 200 yards, the effective range of the repeaters. So the trade off of rapid fire for greater range was a poor trade. There are claims of great shooting and statements that a Henry has killing power out to 1,000 yards. These claims are not quite believable as we will see. Chapter 4: Power and Accuracy The Henry repeating rifle, though a rapid fire weapon, was an under powered weapon despite claims to the contrary. The New Haven Arms Company's catalog of 1865 states "caliber 44-100, weighing 10 pounds, and carrying a conical ball of 32 to the pound designed especially as a sporting rifle for hunting buffalo, bear, deer, etc." John Tennyson of the USS Black Hawk states he fired shooting matches against Smith & Wesson and Sharps rifles at 400 and 500 yards and won. A.A. Vanwormer writes June 3, 1863 that the Henry is certain death at 800 yards and probably 1,000 yards. The Louisville Journal in an article on the Henry says that at 100 yards penetration is 8 inches, at 400 yards 5 inches and killing power at a range of over 1,000 yards.(14) These stories make the Henry out to be some kind of super weapon when it comes to power and accuracy at long ranges. What needs to be looked at, are these claims realistic considering the sights and ammunition used by the Henry. First let's look at the sights of the Henry. The iron frame Henry of 1861 to 1862 had a rear folding leaf sight with elevation markings from 100 to 1,000 yards. The brass frame Henry also had a folding leaf sight but with elevation markings from 100 to 800 yards. This rear sight was mounted by means of a dovetail slot either on the receiver or located on the barrel. On some Henrys dovetail slots were located on the receiver and the barrel. Sights mounted on the receiver are generally considered an early feature on guns serial numbered under 3,000. Henry number 293 shows both dovetail slots while iron frame Henry number 31 has only the receiver dovetail. Brass frame Henry 6850, which has a 19 inch barrel, has only the barrel mounted sight.(6) The folding leaf sight was not the only kind of rear sight used on Henrys. There was also a fixed sight. They were more durable but the adjustable folding leaf was more popular. The fixed sight was also either mounted on the receiver or on the barrel. Henry number 4178 is inscribed "G. Burkhardt, Co. H. 7th Ill. Vol. In." This Henry appears to be equipped with a fixed sight. Henry number 6850 has a large buck-horn fixed sight.(6) The front sight on most Henrys was a German silver blade. There are a couple of variations of the front sight. One is on Henry 6409. This rifle is equipped with a globe front sight and a folding leaf rear sight.(6) The globe sight is rare and was discouraged at the factory. In a letter to the factory, John Ekstrand, Ordnance Sergeant, 51st Illinois Infantry, states that he would prefer a globe front sight.(14) The other variation was that of a telescope sight. One of these telescope sights is mounted on Henry number 731. The scope is marked "Malcolm; Syracuse, N.Y." For the most part there is no indication that the New Haven Arms Company ever got the telescope and the globe sights past the planning stage.(6) In showing the type of sights that were used and given the fact that most soldiers were average or less marksmen, it is doubtful if they could hit a target beyond 200 to 300 yards. An accomplished marksmen would hit with any gun including the Henry. When we look at the type of ammunition used in the Henry, it is doubtful that even an expert marksmen could hit targets regularly at long ranges of over 500 yards with a Henry. Let's examine the type of ammunition that was used in the Henry. The Henry cartridge is a rim-fire round that uses a casing .875 inches long. The total length of the round is 1.345 inches. A 200 or 216 grain bullet of .446 diameter was loaded atop 26 to 28 grains of black powder. This round had a muzzle velocity of 1125 feet per second and muzzle energy of 568 foot pounds of energy.(8) According to these ballistics, most shooting experts will readily agree that this cartridge is hardly adequate for deer size animals and certainly no match for buffalo or grizzly bears. The .44 Henry's 200 grain bullet is a flat nose bullet, later a pointed nose was used, with a ballistic coefficient number of about .153. The coefficient number is the bullet's ability to overcome resistance in flight relative to the performance of a standard projectile used to compute ballistic tables. A number of .153 represents a bullet of very poor long range capabilities. The .44 Henry must have had a giant rainbow trajectory making hitting a target past 200 yards almost impossible for the average shooters.(24) The .44-40 cartridge is the round that the reproduction Henrys are chambered. The .44-40 was originally loaded with a 200 grain flat nose bullet with 40 grains of black powder. Keep in mind the .44 Henry was loaded with a 200 grain bullet and only 26 to 28 grains of black powder. The .44-40 has a muzzle velocity of 1310 feet per second and muzzle energy of 760 foot pounds of energy. This is slightly better than the Henry round. If the gun is sighted in for 100 yards, the .44-40 bullet at 200 yards will drop 29.6 inches and by the time the bullet has traveled 300 yards it will have dropped 95.2 inches, according to the Remington Arms Company.(25) That's almost an 8 foot drop and that's only at 300 yards. The .44 Henry round would have even more of a drop than 8 feet at 300 yards. Hitting at longer ranges would be next to impossible. Claims from the 1860's say the lower powered Henry round was "certain death at 800 Yards." I doubt this to be possible. The tactics of units armed with Henrys do not substantiate the use of the Henry as a long range weapon. Instead they were the assault weapon of the day. Units would close to within 200 yards, then attack, firing as fast as possible driving the enemy from the field with their close range massive volume of fire. Even though the Henry round was underpowered the government purchased 4,610,400 rounds of ammunition.(27) Today Henry ammunition is a collector's item. Ammunition could still be purchased in 1902 from Sears and Roebuck at a cost of $1.14 per 100 rounds.(26) The Henry was an excellent short range weapon, less than 200 yards. It's 16 shots in as many seconds made it the fastest firing shoulder arm of the Civil War. As a close range support or attack weapon, the Henry was second to none. It proved it's worth many times to those troops that were armed with them. But sorry to say, the Henry as a long range weapon was greatly lacking in both power and accuracy. Chapter 5: The Henry On the Frontier Total production of the Henry repeating rifle was 14,094. These were produced from 1860 to 1866 or early 1867. Many of these rifles found their way West to the American Frontier. After the Civil War many soldiers who were armed with the Henry recognized the value of such a rifle on the frontier. Those that had a Henry treasured it. The government did sell off about 100 Henrys between 1866 and 1868. At one such sale the price ranged from $2.25 to $14.50 each. That's a far cry from their original price of $36.00 to $44.00. Over 800 Henrys were taken home by soldiers in 1865.(7) The Henry was not a powerful round but it held 16 quick shots with which to repel a sudden Indian attack. The cartridge, with it's 200 grain bullet and 26 grains of black powder, is a marginal hunting round. The Hew Haven Arms Company, however, made claims to the contrary saying lethal on buffalo and bear. Despite the lack of power, the Henry was highly sought after by men of the frontier. George Ray demonstrated what a Henry could do in August, 1865. His wagon train was attacked by the Sioux. He realized the Henry was not a long range gun and simply waited until the Sioux would come within range. He killed several before the cavalry arrived.(17) General Grenville Dodge, who was the chief of the Union Pacific Railroad, lead a group of men armed with Henrys in 1865 along the Powder River area. Indians were a constant threat while building the railroad and many attacks were sudden, without warning. This is where the rapid fire Henry with it's 16 shots saved many a construction worker.(17) One trick the Indians used was to draw the fire of their enemy, after their guns were empty and they were trying to reload, the Indians would rush them. This tactic worked for over a hundred years. But in 1865 one group of Indians were in for a surprise. Two former Union soldiers had kept their Henrys and took them with them into Blackfoot Indian country. They began mining borax, knowing it was just a matter of time before they were paid a visit by the Indians. That day did not take long in coming. One morning about 40 warriors dismounted out of range and advanced. Once they got in range, two of the Indians would show themselves hoping to draw the fire of the two miners. The miners caught on to what the Indians were trying to do. The miners fired their Henrys at the same time but only one round each. The Indians seeing that two shots had been fired decided to rush the miners, thinking they were reloading their "muzzle loaders." The two miners waited until the Indians were within easy range and started a deadly rapid fire with the 15 remaining shots in each of their Henrys. Reloading, they chased the fleeing Indians and shot any of the wounded Indians that were left behind. After the shooting was all over, they dragged the dead Indians and piled them up out of rifle range and left them as a warning to any would-be attackers. The surviving Indians never bothered them again, they even named the Henry the "Spirit Gun." The buffalo hunting era did not see extensive use of the Henry. Most buffalo hunters preferred cartridges with a little more power, such as the Big 50, .50-70, .45-70, .45-90, .45-110, .44-90, .40-70, .40-90, and many more. A Henry could kill a buffalo but rarely with 1 or 2 or even 3 or 4 shots.(19) The larger calibers could kill a buffalo in only 1 or 2 shots if the hunter did his part. Also the larger calibers had greater range making them more effective. One buffalo hunter that used a Henry was Billy Comstock. He would drop buffalo with his Henry while on horse back on a dead run. This was both dangerous and rarely done. However this type of hunting may be seen in the movie Dances With Wolves. Most buffalo hunters like Billy Dixon and Frank Mayer favored "stand hunting" using the Big 50.(19) The Fetterman Massacre of December 21, 1866 also saw Henrys used. Captain William Fetterman having recently arrived in the West, made a comment that if he had 80 men he could cut through the Sioux nation. In December, 1866 the Sioux Indians lead by Chief Red Cloud were attacking the army's wood cutting details. On December 21, 1866 the wood train left at 10:00 AM and by 11:00 AM it was under attack by Indians. Captain Fetterman went out to rescue the detail. Fetterman had 76 men. 48 of these were infantry, armed with muzzle loading rifles and 27 cavalry were armed with the Spencer carbine. The cavalry were commanded by Lieutenant Grummon. Two others volunteered making 78. Finally there were 2 civilians that wanted to go, James Wheatly and Issac Fisher. Both of these men were armed with Henrys. So Fetterman had his 80 men. They were decoyed into a trap where 2,000 Sioux were waiting for them. Wheatly and Fisher must have put up a good fight with their Henrys. Around the area where they were fighting were indications of over 60 Indians who had been hit.(34) When their ammunition ran out, both were killed and their Henrys ended up in the hands of the Indians to be used against the cavalry another day. That other day could have been at the Little Bighorn Massacre. There has been much speculation that if Custer would have been armed with his old Spencer carbines he might have escaped with some of his men or even defeated the Sioux. In 1873 the military adopted the .45-70 Trapdoor Springfield. They chose it because of it's greater range and power over the Spencer. In an article by George Lyman for Dixie Gun Works 1989 Annual, he feels the Spencer would not have made a difference because it had a slower rate of fire than the Springfield. The rate of fire, according to his tests, for the Spencer was 14 per minute and for the Trapdoor Springfield 16 per minute.(18) I happen to disagree with his figure for the Spencer. It is closer to 22 per minute using a Blakeslee cartridge box. But let's speculate from the Henry perspective. What if Custer and his entire command were armed with Henry repeating rifles and the "McKinch Box." The Henry is capable of firing 45 shots per minute. Custer's group numbered a total of 600 men, before he split his force. At a rate of 45 shots per minute, that equals 27,000 rounds of ammunition per minute to be fired at 1,200 to 1,500 Indians. I think the Henry would have made a difference. So much for the "what if" questions. Custer's reality was that he was armed with the Trapdoor Springfield and many of the Indians had the Henrys. On the recent excavation at the Little Bighorn, there is evidence to show the Indians were armed with over 100 Henrys or Winchester Model 1866 rifles. One hill the Indians were shooting from had so many Henry casings that it was nicknamed "Henry Hill." All of these were aimed at Custer and his men with their Trapdoor Springfields.(28) The Trapdoor Springfields were adopted for their power and greater range, but the common soldier did not any target practice. In one battle the soldiers fired over 30,000 rounds of ammunition only to kill 9 Indians. There are very few instances where the greater range of the Springfields saved the soldier's lives. In fact it took the government until 1893 to adopt a repeating rifle, the .30-40 Krag.(27) Hundreds of repeaters were used by the Indians. Many of these were Henrys. Pictured in Guns and Ammo magazine May, 1982 is Chief Grey Wolf holding a Henry rifle.(6) Also in the 1987 EMF catalog, they mention that in 1921 near Powder River in Wyoming, the mummified body of an Indian was discovered. He was identified as the "Tall-backed Wolf", a Cheyenne killed July 25, 1865. Under his body was found a Henry rifle, serial number 2729. This could have been one captured from General Dodge's command from the Union Pacific.(21) Henrys commanded a high price on the frontier with some selling for as much as $95.00. For 15 years after the Civil War the Henry was one of the best rifles and most sought after repeating rifles in the West. It was not always the guys in "White Hats" that were armed with Henrys. Old Man James led a gang of 25 outlaws on the Clear Fork of the Brozos River near Fort Griffen. Each man was armed with 2 Colts and a Henry. It took a large force of cavalry and settlers to clear them out.(17) Mail carriers found the Henry to be a useful tool. Luther S. "Yellowstone" Kelly purchased a Henry and ammunition for $50.00 in 1868. While delivering mail between Fort Berthold and Fort Stevenson, he was ambushed by 2 Sioux braves. Kelly leaped off his horse and dropped the first Indian with a hip shot. He shot the other Indian in the arm and finally firing again, killing him. The Henry became standard equipment for mail carriers in Montana. Alexander Toponce, a freighter hauling supplies to Fort Union and Fort Benton, issued Henrys to his teamsters. In one fight they held off several hundred braves killing or wounding at least 50.(17) A man armed with a Henry in the 1860's and 1870's was a well armed man. Even though underpowered, it did kill several buffalo as well as other wild game. It also served well in defense against Indians and other enemies. By the late 1870's the Winchester '73 and other more advanced weapons became available. When one of these more modern weapons could not be had, a Henry was a frontiersman's best friend. Sixteen shots in sixteen seconds would discourage any attacking enemy. The Henry was one of the best rifles that helped open the frontier making it safe for civilization. Chapter 6: Henry Odds and Ends There are several interesting facts about the Henry that deal with many different aspects of the Henry. These include Henry carbines, the Henry as a muzzle loader, reloading the .44 Henry cartridge, cartridge boxes, cleaning rods, slings, factory made changes, barrel markings and interest in the Henry by foreign countries. The "Modern" Henry of Navy Arms is currently offered in a carbine version. These are offered with a 21 or 16 inch barrel length. Many feel there were no carbines made by the New Haven Arms Company. The fact of the matter is the New Haven Arms Company did make barrels shorter than the standard 24 inch barrel. Henry number 6850 is pictured in The Winchester Book and it has a 19 inch barrel. The Henry carbine was not a regular production gun, but it could be special ordered. Most Henrys left the factory with the standard 24 inch barrel and some were then sent back to have the barrel shortened to the desired length. Some of the carbine length barrels found today were the result of taking the gun to a private gunsmith and having him shorten the barrel. There were 2 main reasons for reducing the length of the barrel of the Henry. The first one is to reduce the overall weight of the gun. At over 10 pounds fully loaded, it was a heavy gun. The second reason is to make the gun balance better. The weight and the poor balance of the Henry were cited as why the cavalry did not like it as well as the Spencer.(6, 14) On March 21, 1865 there was a Henry carbine entered by the New Haven Arms Company for testing. This gun was an 8 shot Henry. That would put the barrel length at around 15 inches. In the rapid fire test this gun fired 8 shots in 10 seconds. A 16 shot Henry was also tested but no results were given.(30) On March 10, 1866, a board of officers was to select a breech loading weapon for the Army. This board was presided over by Major General Winfield Scott Hancock. The board was to have a representative from the infantry, artillery, and the cavalry. A Henry carbine was submitted for testing. In a preliminary test of one hundred rounds rapid fire, the Henry carbine, with a magazine containing eleven rounds, was discharged in eight seconds, discharged and reloaded in twenty-three seconds. Without use of the magazine, eighteen shots were fired in a minute. The Spencer got off only seven shots in eighteen seconds, and six in a minute without the magazine.(37) The Henry was withdrawn from the testing due to it's inability to handle excessive loaded rounds.(37) Was the Henry used as a muzzle loader? The answer is doubtful but the reality is that it could be done. An auxiliary steel chamber was patented by Oliver Winchester. It fit into the breech of the rifle the same as you would insert a loaded round. This auxiliary chamber was fitted with a nipple for a percussion cap. Recesses were cut in the steel chamber so as not to damage the 2 prongs of the firing pin. The face of the breech pin would hit the percussion cap firing the gun. With the steel chamber in place, the Henry could be loaded as a muzzle loader. This device never reached the mass production stage.(37) Reloading rim-fire casings can be a risky business. It is suggested that the Indians of the American Frontier did just that. This was done by soaking the heads off of matches and covering the interior of the case's rim with the phosphorus. Hopefully this would give enough of a flash to explode the powder when the hammer crimped the rim. Many cases recovered from the Little Bighorn battle site show several pairs of firing pin indentations. These could be proof of reloading.(17) More than likely these were misfired rounds that were rotated in the chamber and tried again. There were two types of cartridge boxes for the Henry. One of these looks very similar to the regular Springfield box of the Civil War. It has an implement pocket sewn to the front. It is covered by a large flap. Instead of tins for the inside, the Henry box contains 4 wooden blocks. Each block was drilled to contain 35 Henry cartridges. These blocks were stacked on top of each other. The bottom of the box was open. When the top block was emptied, it was removed and pushed up through the bottom. This moved the other 3 blocks up into position. The blocks were held in place by means of a spring on each side of the box. It also had 2 leather straps that went around the bottom of the box to insure that the blocks did not fall out. The other box for the Henry did not hold as many rounds. It is possibly the rarest cartridge box of the Civil War. This box was manufactured by the New Haven Arms Company in 1864. The black leather flap measures 7 inches across and is embossed with the standard "US" oval 3 inches across. The flap is pointed like a shield at the bottom and measures 4.5 inches from point to top of the box. At the bottom left hand of the front flap of the box is marked "Henry Arms Company 1864" in 1 and three eights inch elongated rectangle inspector's stamp. The back of the box has two, three-quarters of an inch leather straps riveted to the box four inches long for fitting over a cavalry or infantry belt. The flap affixes to the box by a brass vinule in a three-quarter inch leather strap. Inside the box is a staggered row of linen loops with places for 16 cartridges. On the outside of the front box, underneath the flap, there is another stitched row of 8 linen loops for cartridges. To the left inside the box there is a rounded space with a leather strap with a cut out for a Henry rifle tool. The box itself is 6 inches by 3 inches. It is 2 and a half inches deep and 2 inches wide. This box is pictured in Dr. Francis Lord's third volume of The Civil War Collectors Encyclopedia. One of these cartridge boxes was offered for sale a few years ago at the price of $1,400.(39) There were 3 basic designs for the 4 section cleaning rod for the Henry. Early Henrys had a hard wood rod with ferrules threaded at both ends. These rods were for Henrys up to serial number 3,000. These rods were thicker than the later ones. Therefore the opening in the butt plate was .97 inch in diameter.(35) Another type was made of steel with a brass rammer head and a brass eye at the ends of 2 of the sections. The opening in the butt plate was reduced to .72 inch in diameter due to the smaller diameter of the steel rods. This rod seems to have been issued with serial numbers 3,000 to 3,500.(35) The last design of the Henry cleaning rod was also used with the Model 1866 Winchester. This is also a 4 section steel rod. Instead of a brass eye, it has 1 eye forged on one section. It does still retain the brass rammer head.(35) Dixie Gun Works is offering for sale a reproduction of this cleaning rod for about $15.00. Not all Henrys were equipped with sling mounts. In fact very few were equipped. Many of the government issue Henrys did have the sling mounts. These included a swivel metal rectangular piece to attach one end of the sling. The base was inlaid into the stock on the left side and affixed to the stock by 2 screws. There was a barrel loop located on the left side of the barrel located about 11 inches from the muzzle. This was tapped into the barrel housing and held by 2 screws. Not very many slings have survived. The ones I have seen pictured appear to be an inch wide. One end was fastened to a metal buckle and the sling was run through the stock swivel back up through the buckle. A fish hook looking piece of metal was attached to this end by the leather going through a D shaped loop and a brass button. It was then hooked to the barrel loop. There is no one correct sling for the Henry as all different types were in use, even musket slings. Many guns were sent back to the factory for several reasons. One of these was to have the barrel shortened as mentioned earlier. Some were sent back to have different sights mounted. Others were sent back to the factory to have sling mounts installed. One of the most popular reasons why guns were returned to the factory was to have a half-cock safety position added to the hammer. Lever latches were also added. Many people, I imagine, felt a little uneasy with a round in the chamber and the hammer either on full-cock or with the hammer resting on the firing pin on a chambered round. Another special feature eluded to is that of a detachable magazine. These were thought to be offered for sale in 1864 and later.(35) No description is given to what these were or what they might have looked like. I speculate that it was a round metal tube with a slot, the width of the magazine follower, cut the length of the tube. This tube held 15 Henry cartridges. The lower end of the tube probably fit into a recess area in the brass frame. It could be removed from the gun by turning the top barrel housing, which would hold the top of the tube in place, and pulled out. The rounds were held in place in the tube during storage by a small pin run through the top and the bottom of the tube. All that needed to be done was to insert a loaded magazine, line up the slot with the magazine follower, remove the retaining pins and you were ready with another 15 rounds. Keep in mind this is only my speculation but it seems logical to me. Another possible description of these detachable magazines could be a quick loading device similar to the Blakeslee box used with the Spencer. In fact it is not inconceivable that Henry owners learned from Spencer owners and fashioned their own quick loading device. Barrel markings on all Henrys were standard. They consisted of 2 lines. The top one read "HENRY'S PATENT. OCT. 16, 1860" The second line read "MANUFACT'D BY THE NEW HAVEN ARMS CO. NEW HAVEN CT." These read from the muzzle to the breech. The serial number is located just in front of the frame. Henry markings did vary depending on when the rifle was made. Serial numbers started in 1860 with number 1 and went to over 14,000 in 1866. Serial numbers may also be found on the stock under the upper tang, on the left side of the lower tang and on the butt plate. Some Henrys also had assembly numbers. This was a two digit number and mainly found on later Henrys.(35) Factory inspection letters will be found on various parts of the Henry. The letter "H" will be found on Henrys that were under contract with B. Tyler Henry. This was his inspection mark, an indication that he had inspected that particular Henry. It is found on the left side of the butt plate heel, the rear portion of the lower tang, and on the right side of the barrel and the frame at their junction. Most of these can be found on Henrys under serial number 6,000. The "W" is the inspection mark for Oliver Winchester, found on the rear of the lower tang.(35) Government inspection marks are stamped on the government contract Henrys. They were inspected by Charles G. Chapman. His inspection marks were "C.G.C." These only appear on the 1731 government Henrys.(35) Other countries were interested in the Henry repeating rifle. I had an opportunity to look at and handle a French copy, complete with a barrel length forearm stock. I also handled a Henry that was one of a pair that was sent to Japan for their evaluation. The one that I looked at I believe had the Japanese inspectors markings stamped on the frame. Another country that was interested in the Henry was Prussia. The Mexican government purchased some of the last Henrys produced, as many as 1,000 in 1866 were sent to Mexico.(6) Oliver Winchester in 1863 patented the Henry rifle in England. A few examples of the English Henrys are known. They differ slightly from the US Henry in that they have a loading aperture closed by a sliding cover toward the forward end of the magazine. The magazine tube is slotted in the usual way but is round like the barrel, there being no turning sleeve. Another peculiarity is a ramrod mounted on the left side of the barrel, between it and the magazine, displacing the usual sling fitting, which is placed on the right side.(37) Other Henrys have the markings of the Royal Bavarian Armory. There are also copies that were made in Germany or Belgium. The Turkish government also tested the Henry. Mithat Pasha was shown one and immediately asked for 10 more. Another unlikely Henry user was Henry M. Stanley. He took with him on his trip into Africa a Winchester 66 and a Henry. When Stanley and Dr. Livingstone parted company, Stanley left him with the Henry along with 1,500 rounds of ammunition.(37) One last of the Odds and Ends of the Henry is a magazine cut off device. Oliver Winchester received on September 4, 1866 patent number 57,808. This was for a magazine tube and a stop-lever device to enable the user to use the rifle as a single shooter while saving the 15 rounds in the magazine in reserve. Henry rifle serial number 10,547 has one of these devices on it. This rifle is engraved on the left side "O.F. Winchester: New Haven Ct USA."(6) The brass frame of the Henry made an ideal surface to engrave. Many Henrys have been engraved with all kinds of art work. "The Winchester Book" has many of these highly engraved Henrys pictured. They are indeed very beautiful and very valuable. Chapter 7: The "Modern Henry" The Henry is a very unique rifle and a rare one. Only a little over 14,000 were produced. These are expensive collector's items that most people would not shoot even if there were ammunition available. Still it would be neat to go back to the 1860's and 1870's when the Henry was the "King" of the repeating rifles. A big thanks goes to Aldo Uberti of Brescia, Italy in connection with Navy Arms Company, Dixie Gun Works, Allen Arms, EMF, and others that have helped make available a faithful copy of the original Henry. The first of the "Modern Henrys" was introduced in the late 1970's when Navy Arms offered a Henry rifle for sale. These were a limited run of 500 Henrys offered at a price of $500. They are chambered for the famous .44-40 center-fire cartridge. Following up this limited run of Henry rifles was another limited run of 1,000 Henry carbines with a 21 inch barrel. These were also offered at $500 and chambered for the .44-40. They also advertised a reproduction Henry rifle chambered for the .44 Henry rim-fire cartridge. One of these rim-fire Henrys is located at the Perryville, Kentucky Battlefield Museum. These limited production Henrys sparked a new interest in the Henry and a high demand. These first two Henrys are different than the reproduction Henrys of today. One big difference is that there are two screws that hold the side plates on instead of one, like they are made today and as were the originals. Through the 1980's several companies have imported several different variations of the Henry. There is a military version of the Henry. It has the sling swivels and the door in the butt of the gun. The Henry carbine is still offered with it's 21 inch barrel and there is also a "Trapper" version with a 16 inch barrel. Neither one of these have the sling swivels, but they could be added if the owner chose to do so. There is a steel frame Henry offered by Navy Arms Co. It is offered in blue or case-hardened finish on the receiver. These "Modern Henrys" are not cheap. The current retail is priced around $900. I have shot several of the "Modern Henrys" and they shoot fairly well for the type of gun they are. The 24 inch barrel version have the same problem as during the Civil War, they just do not balance quite right. These rifles weigh in at almost 9 pounds. The magazine capacity is 13 rounds, if you put one in the chamber the Henry becomes a "14 Shooter." The .44-40 is a little longer round than the original .44 Henry, so you end up with 2 fewer rounds. The "Modern Henrys" have a walnut stock. These vary on the several I have seen to a very attractive well finished stock to a plain grain stock. The rear sight is a copy of the original adjustable sight. The front sight is a German silver blade as on the original. In the accuracy department the "Modern Henry" does a good job when kept to a realistic range of the .44-40 cartridge. At 50 yards with the 200 grain factory load it will shoot 2 inch groups or less. My shooting at 100 yards opened the groups from the smallest of 3 and a half inches to the largest of 8 and a quarter inches. At 200 yards the .44-40 cartridge drops off almost 30 inches. I did fire at water filled milk jugs at 200 meters. It took the first 6 shots to walk the bullets to the jugs. It seems that it took the bullet forever to travel that distance. I also loaded some .44-40 rounds with 28 grains of black powder to try to duplicate the original Henry load. My groups at 50 yards opened up to almost 5 inches. At 200 yards it was very difficult to hit the target. Today the "Cowboy" shooting events are becoming popular. The Henry has found a romantic place in the hearts of these shooters. The World Series of these shoots is the "End of the trail" competition in California. One problem encountered by Henry shooters is they forget to move their hand out of the way so the magazine follower can push the cartridges down, but they soon get used to it. A hobby that has been spreading throughout the United States is that of Civil War Re-enacting. They are modern day Civil War soldiers of the Blue and Gray that relive the 1860's. Uniforms, equipment, camp life and weapons are to be as authentic as possible. Of course one of these weapons is the Henry Repeating Rifle. Henrys are not encountered very much at re-enactments. The main reason for this is the expensive price tag they carry. There is one nationally organized group of Henry re-enactors, The National Henry Rifle Company. This group is made up of about 75 Henry enthusiasts in 16 states. Of these there are 33 active members that take part in re-enacting. This group was founded in 1989 after the 125th anniversary of the Battle of Franklin, TN by Andrew L. Bresnan with the help of many others. The reaction of the Confederate re-enactors who come in contact with the Henry Company for the first time must be the same reaction that the Confederates had in the Civil War. In re-enacting, instead of live ammunition, blanks are used. The Henrys shoot the 5-in-1 blanks that have been used by the movie industry for years. The movie studios have caught the Henry fever. Let's face it the Henry is a flashy looking gun with it's brass frame. A few shows to use Henrys are "Bordertown", "Young Riders", "Silverado", "Sacred Ground", "Dances With Wolves" and many more. One interesting thing that comes to mind when I have watched these fine films is that those shooting the Henrys act as if they are firing a Sharps Buffalo gun. The .44-40 does not have that much recoil. I guess it looks good on screen. Another use of the "Modern Henry" is in the hunting fields. The .44-40 over the years has taken thousands of deer and other wild game. The "Modern Henry" would fit right in as a short range deer gun. Hunting with a Henry seems to put you in a different time zone where you can forget the problems of the present, at least for a little while. It's nice to know that we can escape to the past to a simpler time. The Henry can do that for the hunter. The following is a list of regiments that were armed with Henry repeating rifles, at least in part: 7th Illinois Infantry 11th Illinois Infantry 16th Illinois Infantry 23rd Illinois Infantry 39th Illinois Infantry 51st Illinois Infantry 64th Illinois Infantry 66th Illinois Infantry 68th Illinois Infantry 73rd Illinois Infantry 80th Illinois Infantry 85th Illinois Infantry 86 Illinois Infantry 96th Illinois Infantry 100th Illinois Infantry 105th Illinois Infantry 115th Illinois Infantry 58th Indiana Infantry 59th Indiana Infantry 93rd Indiana Infantry 97th Indiana Infantry 1st D.C. Cavalry 12th Kentucky Cavalry Col. Netter's Cavalry 1st Maine Cavalry 9th New York Cavalry 29th New York Infantry 2nd Wisconsin mounted Infantry 3rd Wisconsin Cavalry 66th Wisconsin Infantry 1st Missouri Engineers 4th Missouri Cavalry 25th Missouri Cavalry 47th Missouri Cavalry 3rd Regiment U.S.V. 7th West Virginia Infantry 10th Michigan Cavalry 31st Pennsylvania Infantry The following U.S. Navy vessels also had Henrys: USS Cricket Gunboat Pittsburgh Tennessee North Carolina USS Black Hawk Essex Varuna Great Western Henrys were used in part by the following Confederate regiments: 1st Arkansas Cavalry Jeff Davis' Bodyguards 7th Virginia Cavalry 11th Virginia Cavalry 12th Virginia Cavalry 35th Virginia Cavalry 21st Virginia Cavalry Laurel Brigade 8th Texas Cavalry 5th Texas Cavalry 29th Texas Cavalry 10th Kentucky Partisan Rgr. Jesse McNeill's Rangers Camp Ferguson's Guerrillas General S.G. French This list of units is an incomplete list as it is next to impossible to account for every Henry used in the Civil War. (1,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,14,15,22,36) The following is a production list of when the Henrys were produced. This list accounts for serial numbers 1 through 14,094. (20) 1860 1 270 1861 271 300 1862 301 1300 1863 1301 4000 1864 4001 8000 1865 8001 12,000 1866 12,001 14,094 Listed here are some known iron frame serial number Henrys, Serial numbers: 12, 13, 31, 45, 49, 57, 89, 103, 108, 110, 119, 125, 138, 147, 156, 161, 270, 279, 287, 355. The following is a listing of battles in which Henrys were used at least in part or where units that had Henrys were present during the Civil War: Ft. Donelson ? Shiloh, TN ? Corinth, Miss. Luka, Miss. Mt. Sterling, KY Blount's Farm Chickamauga Henderson, KY Clarksville,TN Chattanooga, TN Skirmishing with John Hunt Morgan Medley, W. Va Rasaca, GA Atlanta, GA Nickajack Creek, GA Jonesboro, GA Savannah, GA Lovejoy Station, GA White's Bridge, VA Cox's Mill Center Point, VA Buzzard Roost, GA Franklin, TN 1st Reams Station 2nd Reams Station Rome, GA Stoney Creek, VA Allatoona Pass, GA Cumberland, MD Sycamore Church, VA Lookout Mountain Goldsboro, NC Missionary Ridge Goodrich's Landing, LA Florence, ALSweetwater, AL Columbia, SC Salkahalchie Swamp, GA Bentonville, NC Saylor's Creek The Red River Campaign Perryville, KY Spring Hill Olustee, Fl.Doniphan, MO McMillian Ford, TN Strawberry Plains, TN These are just a few of the battles in which Henry rifles play a part. I am sure there are many other battles in which the Henry rifle was used, but history may not have recorded them. So this list that I have submitted is incomplete. One thing for sure is that Henrys were used from 1862 to the end of the war, even guarding President Jefferson Davis as he fled Richmond.(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9,10,11,12,14,15,22,36)

Another mousetrap. Home made with better leverage.

Bought and sold. All good. Great group of people. Had such great dealings on this wire that once "I'll take it hits my post" and I get an address. I ship and wait for the check. Probably had close to 100 transactions.

Is he using 45 Schofield brass? It has a much larger rim than 45LC. Local pard had the same problem.

The 1997 SASS rule book has no rules for boots other than in the outlawed section. Outlawed: Tennis, running, jogging, or aerobics shoes ( Indian moccasins work well for relaxing after a long day in boots.) 2016 rule book: Classic cowboy/ girl: Boots are required and must be of traditional design with non-grip enhancing (i.e. ―NO Lug‖) soles. Moccasins are not allowed. "B" western: Boots are required and must be of traditional design and embellished with fancy stitching, multi-color fancy design, conchos or spots. Soles must be non-grip enhancing (i.e., ―NO Lug‖) soles. Lace up boots and moccasins are not allowed. Outlawed: All types of athletic shoes or combat boots, no matter the material from which they are constructed.

I remember going to a mountain man weekend and a guy had sewn a zipper into his leather pants. His excuse was "If they'd a had 'em, they'd a used 'em! sic 1972. Same argument been goin' on for decades. Any jeans, long sleeve shirt, work boots make the grade in SASS's world.